Life history tradeoffs have already been observed in. First, we define what individual heterogeneity means and clarify the terminology used in the literature. Our results show that selected and control mites exhibited similar fecundities, longevities, attachment plasticities and morphologies, which did not provide evidence for life history trade offs. Athena aktipis1,2,3 1department of psychology, arizona state university, tempe, az, usa 2center for evolution and cancer, university of california san francisco, san francisco, ca, usa. Trade offs are widely recognized in biology, but the rules that govern them are not yet well understood. Digital comprehensive summaries of uppsala dissertations from the faculty of science and technology 1555. Abstract the functional causes of life history trade offs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Variation in the life history strategy of cells underlies. The impact of proliferationmigration tradeoffs on phenotypic. Somatic evolution during cancer progression and therapy results in tumor cells that exhibit a wide range of phenotypes including rapid proliferation and quiescence. Recently, however, there has been a burgeoning of interest in telomere dynamics in healthy organisms.
Physiological underpinnings in lifehistory tradeoffs in. The physiology of life history trade offs in animals. Physiological underpinnings in lifehistory tradeoffs in man. Evaluate how trade offs in reproduction and survival affect population growth. The trait that is seen as the most important for any given organism is the one where a change in that trait creates the most significant difference in that organisms level of fitness. Dynamical tradeoffs arise from antagonistic coevolution. Jan 30, 2017 evolutionary trajectories are constrained by trade offs when mutations that benefit one life history trait incur fitness costs in other traits. Tradeoffs in lifehistory evolution yale university. Praziquantel decreases fecundity in schistosoma mansoni.
The lawlike nature of trade offs becomes evident when we subdivide examples by type. Life history tradeoffs expected with limited resources lizards birds due to allocation of resources. While its impact has waned in the recent past, cancer evolution may rekindle it. Increased predictive power can be gained by treating trade offs as emergent phenomena governed by laws that are also emergent. Life history tradeoffs in cancer evolution ncbi nih. Cancer and tumours may evolve in response to lifehistory tradeoffs between growth and duration of development on one hand, and between growth and maintenance of immune function on the other. It is also unclear how life history tradeoffs in the host affect tradeoffs in the tumor. Life history theory also provides an evolutionary framework for phenotypic plasticity, which has potential implications for understanding cancer stem cells. Weinstein a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of. Life history, longevity and aging population ecology life history evolution. Although life history theory has made enormous progress in explaining the diversity of life history strategies among. Evolutionary life history theory provides a framework for understanding the human life cycle.
Trade offs prevent selection from driving all fitnessenhancing traits towards values that would. In addition, most protective mechanisms shaped by selection against cancer are costly and come with trade. Life history, immunity, petos paradox and tumours in birds. I am using life history theory, agentbased modeling and genomic techniques to 1 help understand why we see this diversity of phenotypes in cancer, 2 provide a new perspective in treatment design and 3 understand the molecular processes underpinning cellular trade offs. This book is the first comprehensive summary of lifehistory evolution, a field that holds a central position in modern ecology, evolution, and population biology. Allocation of these resources necessarily involves tradeoffs, since energy that is used for one purpose. Evolutionary medicine or darwinian medicine is the application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease. The functional causes of life history trade offs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades.
Tradeoffs play a central role in life history theory. There are seven traits that are traditionally recognized as important in life history theory. Therefore, differences in relative levels of investment in innate versus acquired immune defenses are likely to be smaller in humans, and perhaps. How hormones mediate tradeoffs in human health and. Here, i evaluate alternative hypotheses for the role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of life history trade offs and ageing, and highlight outstanding challenges. Evolutionary life history theory may help us understand the diversity of these phenotypes. Ca aktipis, am boddy, ra gatenby, js brown, cc maley. One corollary of life history theory is the challenge hypothesis, which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. Aktipis ca1, boddy am, gatenby ra, brown js, maley cc. We argue that the precocity of death in pygmies is the key to the evolution of both pygmy size and life history. On one hand, extended growth and the resulting larger adult size engender fertility gains and reduced.
Animal lifehistory traits fall within a limited ecological space, a continuum referred to as a slowfast lifehistory axis. How hormones mediate tradeoffs in human health and disease. Although much work remains to be done to understand these tradeoffs, life history theory provides a valuable framework for investigating how other. May 24, 2016 animal lifehistory traits fall within a limited ecological space, a continuum referred to as a slowfast lifehistory axis. Tradeoffs between life history traits play a pivotal role in these predictions, and such tradeoffs are mediated, at least in part, by physiological allocations. Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging. Trade offs between life history traits play a pivotal role in these predictions, and such trade offs are mediated, at least in part, by physiological allocations. Emergent constraints and their adaptive consequences by bret s. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of. Boddy1,2,3, hanna kokko3,4, felix breden3,5, gerald s. Two key concepts in life history theory are tradeoffs and reaction norms. Although much work remains to be done to understand these trade offs, life history theory provides a valuable framework for investigating how other contextspecific variables such as disease burden, healthcare practices, and individual lifestyle might modify reproductive costs. Here, i evaluate alternative hypotheses for the role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of lifehistory tradeoffs and ageing, and highlight outstanding challenges.
Tradeoffs between acquired and innate immune defenses in. In simple terms, a tradeoff is where one thing increases and another must decrease. Abstract somatic evolution during cancer progression and therapy results in tumour cells that show a. The evolution of life history tradeoffs in viruses. Here, we tested whether i bird species with slow developmental rates for their body size experience low. At the very least, my purpose is to stimulate critical thought about not only the ecology and evolution of cancer as a disease, but also the malignant phenotype as a sustainably viable entity, with an organismal ecology and life history rooted deep in time. Evolutionary biology and biomedicine have seen a surge of recent interest in the possibility that telomeres play a role in life history trade offs and ageing. The book offers an uptodate description of the analytical tools used in evolutionary explanation. But need to allocate it to maintenance, growth, reproduction concept of tradeoffs energynutrients constrain physiological options r m g r g m richard levins the principle of allocation allocation tradeoffs. The unconstrained evolution of fast and efficient antibiotic. The physiology of life history tradeoffs in animals. Life history tradeoffs explain the evolution of human.
Polyandry, lifehistory tradeoffs and the evolution of. It is a theory of biological evolution that seeks to explain aspects of organisms anatomy and behavior by reference to the way that their life historiesincluding. Kselection theory describes the tradeoffs between high reproductive output and competitiveness and guides research in evolutionary ecology. Most telomere research is done in the context of human disease. The old saying do not put all of your eggs into one basket implies a trade off with respect to spreading risk, as when one buys a mutual fund composed of many stocks rather than only one or a few stocks, with the mutual having a lower expected variance in the returns. Lifehistory tradeoffs have been proposed as a hypothesis for explaining. Tradeoffs stem from limitations of many origins, including simple physics for instance, only a certain volume of objects can fit.
Life histories describe how organisms allocate resources to growth, reproduction, and selfmaintenance for survival in a given environment. Lifehistory theory predicts evolutionary changes in reproductive traits and intrinsic mortality rates in response to differences in extrinsic mortality rates. Purpose in this paper, we provide an overview of a life history theory and how it applies to cancer evolution. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might select for fast or slow life history. Modern medical research and practice have focused on the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying health and disease, while evolutionary medicine focuses on the question of why evolution has shaped these mechanisms in ways that may leave us susceptible to. The extent to which variation in telomere loss might be involved in the evolution of life histories, and constrain or underpin life history trade. Evolutionary life history theory provides a framework for understanding how. In this paper, we provide an overview of a life history theory and how it applies to cancer evolution. A tradeoff or tradeoff is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects. In areas where annual praziquantel treatment is ineffective at.
Such costs are not only limited to drug resistance, but hostparasite tradeoffs can occur throughout the lifecycle 3641. Life history theory is an analytical framework designed to study the diversity of life history strategies used by different organisms throughout the world, as well as the causes and results of the variation in their life cycles. On this basis, since life history tradeoffs are transmissible across generations, so is the risk of ncds, strongly mediated by early growth patterns an index of energy allocation to metabolic capacity and subsequent adiposity an index of energy allocation to metabolic load. Similar tradeoffs may exist for cancer cells, with cells occupying unpredictable microenvironments being selected for fast replication at the expense of cell survival. Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by analyzing the ecological factors that shape agespecific schedules of growth, reproduction, and survival and by investigating the trade offs that constrain the evolution of these traits. Cancer and tumours may evolve in response to life history trade offs between growth and duration of development on one hand, and between growth and maintenance of immune function on the other. One corollary of life history theory is the challenge hypothesis, which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual. Praziquantel decreases fecundity in schistosoma mansoni adult. This article explains why they exist, how they arise, how they can be measured, and briefly discusses their evolution. Individual heterogeneity and capturerecapture models.
Tradeoffs between reproduction and maintenance can compromise health. Temperature effects on lifehistory tradeoffs, germline. Although each of us goes through a life cycle only once, there is a continuity of life cycles from generation to generation. First, cancer defense mechanisms, such as dna repair, cell cycle control, and immune function, can be costly. Nov 11, 20 life history trade offs in cancer evolution. The physiology of life history tradeoffs in animals annual. Determine how adult survival and offspring survival affect the breeding success of plants. Molecular biology and evolution of cancer oxford academic. Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging oxford. According to life history theory, age at first reproduction is set by natural selection as the result of two opposite forces. I am using life history theory, agentbased modeling and genomic techniques to 1 help understand why we see this diversity of phenotypes in cancer, 2 provide a new perspective in treatment design and 3 understand the molecular processes underpinning cellular tradeoffs. The functional causes of life history tradeoffs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Life history tradeoffs in cancer evolution pubmed central pmc.
Another challenge in this domain of research is the heterogeneous expression of estrogenreceptor. Life history theory, a theoretical framework from organismal evolutionary biology suggests that cancer cells may be subject to tradeoffs between. The contradictory results regarding breast cancer risk and life history characteristics illustrate a more general challenge in. Polyandry, lifehistory tradeoffs and the evolution of imprinting at mendelian loci. In particular, we will stress the importance of comparative and mechanistic approaches to studying the generalities of life history trade offs in viruses.
Classifying the evolutionary and ecological features of. Tumour heterogeneity and the evolutionary tradeoffs of cancer. Indeed, solid tumors are an ideal theater for r and kselection and, hence, a good testing ground for ideas on lifehistory strategy evolution. Female hormones adjust energy allocation between investment in ovarian function, somatic investment, and present offspring. Lifehistory theory has provided a powerful conceptual framework for investigating the evolution of lifehistory strategies, in which tradeoffs among growth, reproduction, and survival have a major role. Male hormones such as testosterone regulate energy allocation between reproductive effort and survival. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might select for fast or slow life history cell phenotypes, with important clinical consequences. A tradeoff occurs whenever a change in one trait that increases fitness is connected to a change in another trait that decreases fitness. On the other hand, in smaller, shorterlived species life history trade offs are likely to be more pronounced, as smaller animals have limited energy reserves to balance competing resource demands. Variation and correlations between sexual, asexual and natural enemy resistance lifehistory traits in a natural plant pathogen population. Life history theory predicts evolutionary changes in reproductive traits and intrinsic mortality rates in response to differences in extrinsic mortality rates. The inevitable intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneity among evolving cancer cells poses a major obstacle in our understanding of cancer evolution and designing effective treatment strategies. Understanding the mechanisms by which diversity is maintained in pathogen populations is critical for epidemiological predictions.
Life history theory has provided a powerful conceptual framework for investigating the evolution of life history strategies, in which trade offs among growth, reproduction, and survival have a major role. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might. Ecology and evolution of cancer is a timely work outlining ideas that not only represent a substantial and original contribution to the fields of evolution, ecology, and cancer, but also goes beyond by connecting the interfaces of these disciplines. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. The concept of a trade off is often used to describe situations in everyday life.
The role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of life. Heritability and genetic constraints of lifehistory trait evolution in preindustrial humans. Trade offs between reproduction and maintenance can compromise health. There are likely energetic tradeoffs between cancer suppression and other important life history components, such as reproduction and growth 22. The major functions involved in tradeoffs are maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence, in which energy can be invested.
A new polygenic model for nonfamilial colorectal cancer inheritance based on the genetic architecture of the azoxymethaneinduced mouse model. Life history tradeoffs and the partitioning of maternal. Stearns zoological institute, university of basle, reinsprung 9, ch4051 basle, switzerland introduction trade offs represent the costs paid in the currency. Evolutionary trajectories are constrained by tradeoffs when mutations that benefit one life history trait incur fitness costs in other traits. Evolutionary biology and biomedicine have seen a surge of recent interest in the possibility that telomeres play a role in lifehistory tradeoffs and ageing. Mechanisms of life history evolution hardcover thomas. The natural history of cancer is marked by temporal acquisition of diverse genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Without tradeoffs, evolution would maximize fitness of all traits leading to a master of all traits. Is estrogen receptor negative breast cancer risk associated. We looked for associations between variation in germline maintenance and life history by regressing each populations mean f2 mutation load on estimates of its f0 reproductive effort and longevity for each experimental year.